Welcome to C++ user’s manual and tutorial

User Manual

User manual

• Using Aakash Programming Lab(APL)
  • Overview
• C++ programming using APL

Tutorial

C++ tutorial

• Table of Contents
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 History of C
    • 1.2 Higher Level Languages
    • 1.3 Operating Systems
    • 1.4 Structured Programming and Problem Solving
    • 1.4.1 Problem Analysis and Specification
    • 1.4.2 Algorithm Development
    • 1.4.3 Program Coding
    • 1.4.4 Program Execution and Testing
    • 1.4.5 Software Engineering
  • Chapter 2 Basic Program Structure, Variables, Data Types and Constants
    • 2.1 The C and C++ Programming Languages
    • 2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of C and C++
    • 2.3 Program Structure and Rules
      • Listing 2-1
      • Listing 2-2
    • 2.4 Header Files
      • Table 2-1
    • 2.5 C and C++ Compiler
      • Table 2-2
    • 2.6 Variables, Data Types and Constants
    • 2.7 Data Types
      • Listing 2-3
      • Listing 2-4
      • Listing 2-5
      • Listing 2-6
      • Listing 2-7
      • Listing 2-8
    • 2.8 Storage Classes
      • Listing 2-9
      • Listing 2-10A
      • Listing 2-10B
      • Listing 2-11
    • 2.9 Allocated Space for Data Types
      • Table 2-3
    • 2.10 Variable Names
      • Table 2-4
      • Table 2-5
      • Table 2-6
    • 2.11 Constants
      • Fig 2-1
      • Table 2-7
    • 2.11.1 const and volatile
  • Chapter 2: Review Questions
  • Chapter 3 Basic Input-Output Statements
    • 3.1 Basic Screen and Keyboard I/O in C
      • Listing 3-1
        • Fig 3-1:
        • Listing 3-2
        • Fig 3-2:
        • Listing 3-3
    • 3.2 Formatted Input and Output
    • 3.3 Non-formatted Input and Output
    • 3.4 Predefined Classes in C++
    • 3.5 Manipulators
    • 3.6 Formatted I/O
  • Chapter 3: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 3: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 3: Review Questions
  • Chapter 4 Operators
    • 4.1 Order of Precedence of Operators
      • Table 4-1
    • 4.2 Operators: Arithmetic
      • Fig 4-1
    • 4.4 sizeof
    • 4.5 Relational and Logical
      • Fig 4-2
      • Fig 4-3
    • 4.6 The Conditional Operator
    • 4.7 Increment and Decrement
      • Fig 4-4
    • 4.8 Assignment
      • Fig 4-5
    • 4.9 Bitwise Operators
      • Table 4-2
    • 4.10 Bitwise Complement: ~
      • Table 4-3
      • Table 4-4
    • 4.11 Bitwise Shift Operators
    • 4.11.1 Left Shift Operator: <<
    • 4.11.2 Right Shift Operator: >>
    • 4.12 Multiplication and Division thru Shifting Bits
      • Table 4-5
    • 4.13 Precedence and Associativity
    • 4.14 Bitwise AND Operator: &
      • Table 4-6
      • < Table 4-7
    • 4.15 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator: |
      • Table 4-8
      • Table 4-9
    • 4.16 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator: ^
      • Table 4-10
      • Table 4-11
      • Table 4-12
      • Table 4-13
      • Table 4-14
    • 4.17 Precedence and Associativity
    • 4.18 Sequence Points or comma
  • Chapter 4: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 4: Review Questions
  • Chapter 5 Making Decisions and Looping
    • 5.1 Program Control
      • Fig 5-1
      • Fig 5-2
      • Fig 5-3
      • Fig 5-4
      • Fig 5-5
    • 5.2 Switch Statement
      • Fig 5-6
      • Listing 5-1
      • Listing 5-2
    • 5.3 while Loops
      • Fig 5-7
      • Listing 5-3
    • 5.4 for Loops
      • Fig 5-8
      • Fig 5-9
      • Listing 5-4
    • 5.5 do-while Loops
      • Fig 5-10
      • Listing 5-5
    • 5.6 break Statement
    • 5.7 continue Statement
      • Fig 5-11
    • 5.8 Declarations within Blocks
    • 5.9 Scope Qualifier Operator
      • Listing 5-6
      • Fig 5-12
    • 5.10 Scope of Identifiers
  • Chapter 5: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 5: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 5: Review Questions
  • Chapter 6 Functions
    • 6.1 Functions
      • Listing 6-1
    • 6.2 Returning Values
      • Listing 6-2
    • 6.3 Passing Arguments
      • Fig 6-1
      • Listing 6-3
    • 6.4 Command Line Arguments
      • Listing 6-4
    • 6.5 Default Arguments
    • 6.6 Functions with an Unspecified Number of Parameters
    • 6.7 Inline Functions
      • Listing 6-5
    • 6.8 Reference Types as Arguments
      • Fig 6-2
      • Fig 6-3
      • Fig 6-4
    • 6.9 Overloaded Functions
      • Listing 6-6
  • Chapter 6: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 6: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 6: Review Questions
  • Chapter 7 Arrays
    • 7.1 Arrays
    • 7.1.1 Declaring and Initialization
      • Fig. 7-1
    • 7.1.2 Multi-Dimensional Arrays
      • Listing 7-1
    • 7.2 Arrays as Arguments
      • Listing 7-2
      • Listing 7-3
      • 7.3 Strings
      • Fig 7-3
      • Fig 7-4
      • Listing 7-4
    • 7.3.1 String Functions<
      • Listing 7-5
  • Chapter 7: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 7: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 7: Review Questions
  • Chapter 8 Pointers
    • 8.1 What is a pointer?
    • 8.2 Why are pointers used?
    • 8.3 Pointer Operators
    • 8.4 Declaring a Pointer Variable
    • 8.5 Pointers and Passing Arguments
      • Listing 8-1
      • Listing 8-2
      • Fig 8-1:
    • 8.6 Pointers Without Functions
      • Listing 8-3
    • 8.7 Pointers and Arrays
      • Listing 8-4A
      • Listing 8-4B
      • Listing 8-5
    • 8.8 Strings Initialized as Pointers
      • Listing 8-6
    • 8.9 Arrays of Pointers
      • Listing 8-7
      • Listing 8-8
    • 8.10 Lvalue and Rvalue
    • 8.11 Pointers to Functions
      • Listing 8-9
    • 8.12 Arrays of Pointers to Functions
    • 8.13 Pointers to Pointers
      • Listing 8-10
      • Listing 8-11
      • Listing 8-12
    • 8.14 const, volatile and Pointers
      • Listing 8-13
    • 8.15 Pointers and Memory Addresses
      • Listing 8-14
      • Listing 8-15
      • Listing 8-16
    • 8.16 The new and delete Operators
      • Listing 8-17
    • 8.17 Allocating Multi-dimensional Arrays
    • 8.18 Pointers to void and Functions That return void
  • Chapter 8: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 8: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 8:Review Questions
  • Chapter 9 Structures, Unions and Enumerated Types
    • 9.1 Structures
    • Fig. 9-1
    • 9.2 Declaring structure variables
      • Fig. 9-2
      • Fig. 9-3
      • Fig. 9-4
      • Fig. 9-5
      • Fig. 9-6
    • 9.3 Initializing Structures
      • Fig. 9-7
    • 9.4 Assignment of Structures
      • Fig. 9-8
    • 9.5 Nested Structures
      • Fig. 9-9
      • Fig. 9-10
    • 9.6 Arrays of Structures
      • Fig. 9-11
    • 9.7 Passing Structures to Functions
      • Fig. 9-12
      • Fig 9-13
      • Fig 9-14
      • Fig. 9-15
    • 9.8 Unions
      • Fig. 9-16
      • Fig. 9-17
    • 9.9 Accessing Members of a union
    • 9.10 Anonymous unions in C++
      • Fig. 9-18
    • 9.11 Bit Fields
      • Fig. 9-19
      • Fig. 9-20
      • Fig. 9-21
      • Fig. 9-22
      • Fig. 9-23
    • 9.12 Byte Alignment
      • Fig. 9-24
    • 9.13 Enumerated Data Types
      • Listing 9-1
    • 9.14 Enumerated Types in C++
      • Fig. 9-25
    • 9.15 Structures as Abstract Data Types
      • Listing 9-2:
      • Fig. 9-26
      • Fig. 9-27
      • Fig. 9-28
    • 9.16 Constructors and Destructors
    • 9.17 What Is Object-Oriented Programming?
    • 9.18 Procedure-Oriented Programming
      • Listing 9-3
    • 9.19 Adding a New Shape
      • Fig. 9-29
      • Fig. 9-30
    • 9.20 OOP Terminology
  • Chapter 9: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 9: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 9: Review Questions
  • Chapter 10 Classes
    • 10.1 Naming and Coding Conventions
      • Fig. 10-1
      • Fig. 10-2
      • Fig. 10-3
      • Fig. 10-4
      • Fig. 10-5
      • Fig. 10-6
      • Fig. 10-7
    • 10.2 Discovering Classes
    • 10.3 Classes as Objects
      • Listing 10-1
    • 10.4 Returning private values with public Functions
    • 10.5 Member Functions
    • 10.5.1 Inline Member Functions
    • 10.5.2 Typical Public Member Functions.
    • 10.5.3 const Member Functions
    • 10.6 Implementing a Class
      • Listing 10-2
    • Listing 10-3
    • 10.7 Creating Objects on the Fly
    • 10.8 Allocating Objects on the Free Store
    • 10.9 Destroying Objects on the Free Store
    • 10.10 Arrays of Objects on the Free Store
    • 10.11 Handling Errors in Memory Allocation
    • 10.12 Calling Member Functions
    • 10.13 Using static Member Variables
      • Listing 10-4
    • 10.14 Static Member Functions
      • Fig. 10-8
      • Fig. 10-9
      • Fig. 10-10
    • 10.15 Using Pointers to Class Members
      • Fig. 10-11
    • 10.16 Pointer to Member Functions
      • Listing 10-5
    • 10.17 The this Pointer
    • 10.17.1 this Points to Instance of Class
    • 10.17 friend Functions
  • Chapter 10: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 10: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 10: Review Questions
  • Chapter 11 Operators as Functions
    • 11.1 Defining an Overload Operator
    • 11.2 Arguments to Operator Functions
    • 11.3 Operators That Can Be Overloaded
      • Fig. 11-1
      • Fig. 11-2
    • 11.4 Copying Class Instances
      • Fig. 11-3
    • 11.5 Overloading the Input and Output Operators
    • 11.5.1 Input Operator
    • Fig. 11-4
    • 11.5.2 Output Operator
      • Fig. 11-5
      • Fig. 11-6
    • 11.6 Templates
    • 11.6.1 Function Templates
    • 11.6.2 Class Templates
      • Listing 11-1
      • Listing 11-2
    • 11.7 Exceptions
      • Fig. 11-7
    • 11.7.1 throw
      • Fig. 11-8
    • 11.7.2 try
    • 11.7.3 catch
    • 11.7.4 Exception Specifications
    • 11.7.5 terminate() and unexpected()
      • Listing 11-3
  • Chapter 11: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 11: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 11: Review Questions
  • Chapter 12: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 12: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 13 File Processing
    • 13.1 High Level, Buffered or Stream I/O
      • Fig. 13.1
      • Fig. 13-2
      • Fig. 13-3:
      • Fig. 13-4:
      • Fig. 13-5:
      • Fig. 13-6:
      • Fig. 13-7:
      • Fig. 13-8:
      • Fig. 13-9:
      • Fig. 13-10:
      • Fig. 13-11:
      • Fig. 13-12:
      • Fig. 13-13:
    • 13.2 Low Level Unix Like I/O or Un-buffered I/O
      • Fig. 13-14:
      • Fig. 13-15:
      • Fig. 13-16:
      • Fig. 13-17:
      • Fig. 13-18:
      • Fig. 13-19:
      • Listing 13-1
    • 13.3 C++ Input/Output Classes
    • 13.3.1 Instances of the class ostream
    • 13.3.2 Stream Input
    • 13.4 Writing Manipulators
    • 13.4.1 Manipulator with No Arguments
      • Listing 13-2
    • 13.4.2 Manipulator with One Argument
      • Listing 13-3
      • Listing 13-4
    • 13.4.3 Manipulator with Two Arguments<
      • Fig. 13-18
      • Fig. 13-19
      • Fig. 13-20
    • 13.5 File I/O<
      • Fig. 13-21
      • Fig. 13-22
      • Fig. 13-23
      • Fig. 13-24
    • 13.5.1 Controlling the Stream Operating Modes
      • Fig. 13-25
      • Table 13-1
      • Listing 13-6
      • Fig. 13-26
    • 13.5.2 Positioning in a File
      • Fig. 13-27
    • 13.5.3 Detecting Errors in File I/O
      • Fig. 13-28
      • Fig. 13-29
    • 13.5.4 Detecting the End-of-File
      • Fig. 13-30
      • Fig. 13-31
  • Chapter 13: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 13: Programming Projects
  • Chapter 13: Review Questions
  • Chapter 14 The Preprocessor
    • 14.1 The Preprocessor
    • 14.2 Macro Replacement
    • Listing 14-1
    • 14.3 The # Operator
    • 14.4 The ## Operator
    • 14.5 Conditional Inclusion
    • 14.6 Predefined Macros
    • 14.7 File Inclusion
      • Fig. 14-1
    • 14.8 Other Directives
  • Chapter 14: Programming Exercises
  • Chapter 14: Review Questions